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This article presents a history of Cagliari, an Italian municipality and the capital city of the island of Sardinia. ==Etymology== Cagliari was called ''Krly'' during the Phoenician-Punic domination, while in Latin it was called ''Caralis'' or ''Calares'' (plural) or ''Karales''. Around the 16th century Roderigo Hunno Baeza, a Sardinian humanist stated that the name Karalis derived from the Greek κάρα meaning head, as Cagliari was the main center of the island. The Semitist William Gesenius said the name came from ''Kar Baalis'', which in Phoenician means "city of God." This version was, albeit with some differences, accepted by Giovanni Spano, who claimed that Cagliari derived from the Phoenician name ''Kar-El'' (), which also means "city of God." Max Leopold Wagner〔M. L. Wagner, La lingua sarda, storia, spirito e forma, A. Francke, Bern, 1951, again published by Ilisso, Nuoro, 1997〕 traced the term to Protosardinian Karalis, reflecting the Sardinian place names of Carale (Austis), Carallai (Sorradile), Karhalis or Karhallis Pamphylia and Karhalleia of Pisfidia (Turkey). The toponym Karalis was connected with such words as ''cacarallai, criallei, crielle, chirelle, ghirelle'' (wild chrysanthemum () and Macerone) and ''garuleu, galureu, Galileu'' (pollen deposited in honey, which is yellow gold), which has affinity with the Etruscan ''garouleou'' (wild chrysanthemum). Francesco Artizzu noticed that the root "kar" in the languages of the Mediterranean peoples meant "stone/rock" and the suffix "al/ar" gave collective value, so the word Karali could be translated as "place of the rock community" or simply "rocky place." As for the plural, Kalares, Artizzu explained that an initial settlement core was joined by other neighboring nuclei, thus increasing the extent of the city. In conclusion, Karalis/Caralis originally most likely had the meaning of "place of community on the rock/yellow or white rock". Over time the judicial city became the center of what is now the neighborhood of Santa Gilla or Stampace, and in medieval Sardinian was thus called Santa Igia. With the arrival of Pisans the city was identified in the documents as ''Kastrum Karalis'' and later by the Catalan-Aragonese as ''Castell de Caller'' in Catalan. Then on adoption of the Spanish language during Spanish rule the name became ''Callari'' and finally in the Savoy period the name was simply transliterated into Italian, obtaining the current Cagliari. In the Sardinian language the current name ''Casteddu'' identifies the city with the city's fortified castle built during the rule of Pisa. Other scholars think that the name ''Casteddu'' is much older, going back to the very beginnings of Roman rule, and is nothing but the translation into Latin of popular ''Karalis''. The two place names survived, the one as the official name of the Municipium (municipality) until today, the other as a literal translation of the Latin which became prevalent in common parlance when pre-Latin languages became extinctin the city and throughout the whole island. An extant fragment by Varro Atacinus, a Latin poet of the 1st century BC mentions: ''munitus Vicus Caralis'', meaning "fortified town of Caralis", Castellum in popular Latin. In any case, the word ''Casteddu'' is the direct descendant of the Latin ''castellum'' and not a loan from the dialect of Pisa as might suggest the "refounding" of the fortified medieval city. Furthermore, at that time the hill of the castle was named ''Monti Castru''; ''castru'' is a Sardinian word that descends from Latin Castrum (military encampment, fort or castle) and means "jagged mountaintop". A local Renaissance writer, Roderigo Hunno Baeza, describes the Roman city, from the ruins that still remained in his time, as an Arx on the hill, from which the Via Sacra descended to the port.〔Roderigo Hunno Baeza, Caralys Panegyricus, manuscript in Cagliari University Library (16th century)〕〔F. Barreca, La civiltà fenicio punica in Sardegna, Carlo Delfino Editore, Sassari 1988〕〔Dionogi Scano, Forma Karalis, edizioni 3T, 1989〕〔Mauro Podda, La Sardegna e il faggio- Sardegna Antica n° 30〕 In conclusion, having no certain etymology for the name Cagliari, it probably refers to the naturally fortified hill overlooking the harbor, the main outlet of the southern Campidano plain. The Greek geographer Ptolemy, who lived in the second century A.D., wrote Κάραλις πόλις καὶ ἄκρα, literally "town and fortress of Caralis". The very reason for the existence of this ancient city lies in its being both a powerful military structure to defend the main port of southern Sardinia and a basis for control of the western Mediterranean, as well as the outlet for the grain-growing region and livestock products (cheese, leather), iron, lead, copper and zinc mining from the inland, and of course, the salt that was produced at the great saltworks that surround it. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Cagliari」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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